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Glutamate receptor-like (GLR) is an important class of Ca2+ channel proteins, playing important roles in plant growth and development as well as in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this paper, we performed genome-wide identification of banana GLR gene family based on banana genomic data. Moreover, we analyzed the basic physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, promoter cis-acting elements, evolutionary relationships, and used real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to verify the expression patterns of some GLR family members under low temperature of 4 ℃ and different hormone treatments. The results showed that there were 19 MaGLR family members in Musa acuminata, 16 MbGLR family members in Musa balbisiana and 14 MiGLR family members in Musa itinerans. Most of the members were stable proteins and had signal peptides, all of them had 3-6 transmembrane structures. Prediction of subcellular localization indicated that all of them were localized on the plasma membrane and irregularly distributed on the chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that banana GLRs could be divided into 3 subclades. The results of promoter cis-acting elements and transcription factor binding site prediction showed that there were multiple hormone- and stress-related response elements and 18 TFBS in banana GLR. RT-qPCR analysis showed that MaGLR1.1 and MaGLR3.5 responded positively to low temperature stress and were significantly expressed in abscisic acid/methyl jasmonate treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that GLR, a highly conserved family of ion channels, may play an important role in the growth and development process and stress resistance of banana.
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Musa/metabolism , Phylogeny , Abscisic Acid/metabolism , Temperature , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Hormones/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression ProfilingABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the function of motor behavior and cognitive working memory of long-term Parkinson’s disease(PD) cynomolgus monkey, which has been seven years after induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injection through internal carotid artery and investigate the effects of benserazide-levodopa and donepezil intervention on above mentioned dysfunction of motor behavior and cognitive working memory.Methods:Five long-term cynomolgus monkey PD models and five healthy ones with the same as normal control, behavioral evaluation was performed respectively, including Kurlan rating scale for evaluating the severity of PD symptoms, pick up test (PUT) for detecting the upper limb fine motor skills; physical activity monitoring(PAM) for analyzing the 24 h whole day locomotion exercise, and 12 h locomotion activity during sleep.In addition, delay matching-to-sample (DMTS) for detecting cognitive working memory.Furthermore, benserazide-levodopa was administered orally for 10 days, twice a day, 250 mg each time, and after 10 days interval, and donepezil was orally administered for 14 days, once a day, 5 mg each time, and all above behavioral indicators were tested after madopar and donepezil intervention respectively.Results:Kurlan score (4.10±1.01) in the long-term chronic PD model group was significantly increased than that in the normal control (0) ( P<0.01). Compared with the normal control, PUT test for retrieving the food items was not able to be performed with the right upper limb( P<0.01). The time for picking up the food items in left upper limbs ((23.14±7.96)s) was no significant difference from that in normal control group ((12.52±2.71)s) ( P>0.05). The 24 h total locomotion (2 3531.75±9 065.85) was not different from that normal control group (52 750.34±27 598.89) ( P>0.05). The 12 h total locomotor activity during sleep period (2 911.34±1 845.47) was not different from the normal control group (3 310.67±1 721.63). The DMTS correction rate in long-term chronic PD group at 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, and 30 s delay were (61.60±9.21)%, (51.20±11.80)%, (49.60±8.29)%, (60.80±4.38)%, respectively, and was significantly decreased ( P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01) compared with those in normal control group ((96.80±3.35)%, (84.80±8.67)%, (80.80±7.69)%, (74.40±4.56)%, respectively). After intervention of benserazide-levodopa, there was no significant difference in Kurlan score (2.60±0.38) compared with that before intervention (4.10±1.01) ( P>0.05); the PUT test in right upper limb was still not able to be performed, the time for retrieving the food items in left upper limb ((15.40±4.14)s) was less than that before administration ((23.14±7.96)s) ( P<0.05); the 24 h total locomotion activity (44 128.25±16 464.71) was increasesd than that before intervention (23 531.75±9 065.85) ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in 12 h locomotion activity during sleep (4 931.84±2 304.06) compared with that before madopar administration (2 911.34±1 845.47) ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the DMTS correction rate at 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, 30 s before and after madopar intervention(all P>0.05). There was no difference in all behavioral indicators (all P>0.05) between before and sfter donepezil administration. Conclusion:Long-term chronic PD monkeys still exist symptoms and motor behavior and cognitive working memory impairment.The benserazide-levodopa intervention can improve the motor behavior and cognitive working memory dysfunction, indicating that the lesion of functional integrity of dopaminergic system is still exist in long-term chronic Parkinsonian monkeys.Donepezil intervention is not able to reverse the motor and cognitive working memory, implying that mechanism underlying the cognitive memory impairment of PD monkeys is different from that in Alzheimer's disease.
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Objective:To observe the efficacy of meglumine adenosine cyclophosphate (MAC) in the adjuvant treatment of chronic congestive heart failure(CHF) in the elderly, and its effects on cystatin C(Cys-C) and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP).Methods:From August 2017 to August 2018, 110 elderly patients with chronic CHF admitted to Zhejiang Provincial Armed Police Corps Hospital were selected and randomly divided into control group(55 cases) and observation group(55 cases) by random number table method.The control group was treated with routine treatment, while the observation group was treated with MAC on the basis of routine treatment.Both two groups were treated for 2 weeks.The clinical efficacy, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac output, Cys-C and plasma BNP were compared between the two groups.Results:The total improvement rate of the observation group was 94.55%(52/55), which was higher than 78.18%(43/55) of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(χ 2=6.253, P<0.05). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in LVEF, cardiac output, BNP and Cys-C between the two groups(all P>0.05). After treatment, the LVEF[(44.16±6.82)%], cardiac output[(8.07±1.45)L/min] of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group[(40.71±5.38)%, (6.44±1.37)L/min], and BNP[(1.65±0.24)mg/L], Cys-C[(552.79±10.46)mg/L] of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group[(2.31±0.48)mg/L, (681.73±12.71)mg/L], the differences were statistically significant( t=2.945, 6.060, 9.121, 0.551, all P<0.05). Conclusion:MAC has significant effect in the treatment of elderly patients with chronic CHF.It can improve the cardiac function of patients and reduce the plasma concentrations of Cys-C and BNP.
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Objective:To observe the effects of alprostadil at different doses on C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with angina pectoris.Methods:From August 2017 to April 2018, 120 patients with angina pectoris admitted to China Coast Guard Hospital of the People's Armed Police Force were selected and divided into control group (60 cases) and observation group (60 cases) by random number table method.Both two groups received routine anti-angina treatment, while the control group received 10 μg alprostadil, the observation group received 20 μg alprostadil for 2 weeks.The changes of CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and hemorheological indicators before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.Results:Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in the CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 between the two groups (all P>0.05). After treatment, the CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the observation group were (4.63±0.62)mg/L, (0.46±0.08)μg/L, (46.59±4.72)ng/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(6.18±0.74)mg/L, (1.19±0.28)μg/L, (58.62±5.07)ng/L]( t=12.437, 19.418, 13.452, all P<0.05). The high shear viscosity, low shear viscosity, plasma viscosity and platelet aggregation rates in the observation group were (4.27±0.46)mPa/s, (8.07±0.18)mPa/s, (1.03±0.25)mPa/s, (37.42±1.05)%, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group [(5.14±0.588)mPa/s, (10.43±0.42)mPa/s, (2.01±0.46)mPa/s, (40.19±1.86)%] ( t=9.103, 40.006, 14.499, 10.046, all P<0.05). Conclusion:The conventional dose of alprostadil (20 μg) is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris.It can improve CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and hemorheological parameters of patients.
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Objective@#The present study was represented by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), to explore the role of thyroid hormones (THs) disruption in the connection of placenta and neurodevelopmental toxicity.@*Methods@#During fetal mice neural tube closed (pregnancy 9.5 days, E9.5d) to begin synthesis of THs (E15.5 d), all pregnant mice were administered with different concentration of DEHP (0、10、50、200 mg/kg) by gavage once a day(10 mice per group). All pregnant mice were conducted with BrdU administration in E14d by subcutaneous injection. Seven pregnant mice from each group were scarified after anesthesia in E15.5 d, serum and amniotic fluid were collected to determinate the levels of THs(T3, T4, FT3 and FT4) by the automatic biochemical analyzer, detecting fetal mice placental protein expression of monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1) and deiodinaseⅡ&Ⅲ (DIO2, DIO3) by Western blot. Each group of the remaining three pregnant mices were killed after anesthesia in E18d, take the male fetal brain, BrdU immunohistochemistry was used to detect the proliferation and migration of fetal brain cortical neurons.@*Results@#There was no abnormalities in diet, water intake, body weight and general activity of pregnant mice in each treatment group, and there were no difference in the general physiolo. Results There was no abnormalities in diet, water intake, body weight and general activity of pregnant mice in each treatment group, and there were no difference in the general physiological development status of body weight, brain weight, brain body ratio between the mice of each group. There was no statistically significant differences in serum T3, T4, FT3, FT4 and amniotic fluid FT4 in pregnant mice of each group (P>0.05), Compared with the control group, the FT3 levels in the amniotic fluid of the DEHP 50 and 200 mg/kg groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the placental MCT8 and DIO2 protein levels of male fetal mice in the DEHP 50 and 200 mg/kg group decreased, and the level of OATP1C1 protein in 200 mg/kg group decreased(P<0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference in DIO3 protein levels among all groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the number of BrdU positive cells in the cerebral cortex of male mice in DEHP 200 mg/kg group decreased, 56.5% was distributed in VZ-SVZ layer, and the percentage of BrdU positive cells in the IZ layer of 50 mg/kg group increased (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#DEHP 50, 200 mg/kg may affect the proliferation and migration of neural cells in the developing brain, which may be related to its interference with thyroid hormone by placental transport.
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Objective@#To investigate the effects of developmental exposure to DEHP on learning and memory of mice.@*Methods@#Male littermates of ICR mice randomly assigned to five experimental groups (n=14 for each condition) on PND4 to receive distilled water, vehicle and 10, 50 and 200 mg/ (kg·d) DEHP from PND5 to PND38 by gavage, weighing and recording body weight of mice. Open field task were conducted on PND 26 and Morris water maze task were begun from PND30 to PND 37 to evaluate spontaneous exploration activity and emotion, spatial learning and memory performance of pubertal mice, respectively. On PND39, all animals were killed and hippocampi were isolated on ice, then total proteins of hippocampus were extracted, followed by determining the expression of PSD95 and synapsin I by western blotting.@*Results@#200 mg/ (kg·d) DEHP significantly reduced the growth of body weight of mice and the time staying in the central area in open field, prolonged the time searching the hidden platform in Morris water maze (P<0.05) . 50 mg/ (kg·d) DEHP didn’t change the growth of body weight and the emotion (P>0.05) , but reduced the percent of time and distance in the target quadrant during the probe trial of mice in Morris water maze (P<0.05) . The results of western blotting showed that DEHP significantly reduced the expression of PSD95 in hippocampus of mice with all dose groups (P<0.01) , but only 200 mg/ (kg·d) DEHP reduced the expression of synapsin I (P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#Developmental exposure to DEHP can damage the development of synapse in hippocampus, adversely impacting spatial memory performance of mice at a dose that are insufficient to significantly influence the general development and result in anxiety.